Recurrent questions about space have dogged philosophers since ancient times. Can an ordinary person draw from his or her perceptions to say what space is? Or is it rather a technical concept that is only within the grasp of experts? Can geometry characterize the world in which we live? What is God's relation to space? In Ancient Greece, Euclid set out to define space by devising a codified set of axioms and associated theorems that were then passed down for centuries, thought by many philosophers to be the only sensible way of trying to fathom space. Centuries later, when Newton transformed the 'natural philosophy' of the seventeenth century into the physics of the eighteenth century, he placed the mathematical analysis of space, time, and motion at the center of his work. When Kant began to explore modern notions of 'idealism' and 'realism,' space played a central role. But the study of space was transformed forever when, in 1915, Einstein published his general theory of relativity, explaining that the world is not Euclidean after all. This volume chronicles the development of philosophical conceptions of space from early antiquity through the medieval period to the early modern era. The chapters describe the interactions at different moments in history between philosophy and various other disciplines, especially geometry, optics, and natural science more generally. Fascinating central figures from the history of mathematics, science and philosophy are discussed, including Euclid, Plato, Aristotle, Proclus, Ibn al-Haytham, Nicole Oresme, Kepler, Descartes, Newton, Leibniz, Berkeley, and Kant. As with other books in the series, shorter essays, or Reflections, enrich the volume by characterizing perspectives on space found in various disciplines including ecology, mathematics, sculpture, neuroscience, cultural geography, art history, and the history of science.

IntroductionChapter One: Space in Ancient Times from the Beginning to AristotleBarbara SattlerReflection: City Space/Body Space: veiling as an embodied spatial practiceBanu GökarikselChapter Two: Imagine a place: Geometrical and Physical Space in ProclusMarije MartijnReflection: Ants in SpaceNicole HellerChapter Three: Concepts of Space in the 14th Century: Works of Nicole Oresme and selected earlier work for comparisonEdith SyllaReflection: Space, Vision and Faith: Linear Perspective in Renaissance Art and ArchitectureMari Yoko HaraChapter Four: Geometry and Visual Space from Antiquity to the Early ModernsGary HatfieldReflection: Space for ThoughtJennifer GrohChapter Five: Space in the Seventeenth CenturyAndrew JaniakReflection: Chemical Laboratory and the Cosmic SpaceMimi KimChapter Six: Space in Kantian IdealismMichael FriedmanReflection: Non-Euclidean GeometryJeremy GrayReflection: A Mathematical Sculptor's Perspective on SpaceGeorge Hart

Andrew Janiak is Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Duke University, where he also co-leads Project Vox, a web-based enterprise that seeks to recover the lost voices of women in the early modern period. He is the author or editor of four previous books on Isaac Newton and early modern philosophy, and is currently co-writing (with Karen Detlefsen) the first English-language monograph on the philosophy of Émilie du Châtelet.