In recent years the application of random matrix techniques to analytic number theory has been responsible for major advances in this area of mathematics. As a consequence it has created a new and rapidly developing area of research. The aim of this book is to provide the necessary grounding both in relevant aspects of number theory and techniques of random matrix theory, as well as to inform the reader of the progress made when the two apparently disparate subjects meet. This volume of proceedings is addressed to graduate students and other researchers in both pure mathematics and theoretical physics.