First Published in 1988. The author's arguments are a response to five recent and controversial books: Thomas Sowell's Markets and Minorities and Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality?, Walter Williams's State Against Blacks, George Gilder's Wealth and Poverty, and William J. Wilson's Declining Significance of Race. These authors insist that racial discrimination can no longer explain the disadvantaged position of blacks in American society; indeed, while sociologists argue that class has become more important than race, conservative economists insist that disparities in earnings are a fair reflection of racial differences in education, skills, and similar measures of productivity. Free markets, they contend, are anathemas to racial discrimination. Dr Boston demonstrates that these views lack empirical support and explains how discrimination persists in labor markets. While acknowledging that class position is increasingly important he nevertheless illustrates how black class stratification itself uniquely reflects racial subjugation. But in the author's own words, 'These findings will not be received comfortably by conservatives because they are just another chapter in the continuing saga of why their revolution has failed so miserably. Flawed theory creates failed policies'. Yet his book is of major importance in understanding the current position of black people in society and the reality that has to be addressed in contemporary public policy. More than this he provides a solution to the riddle of race and class which has eluded social investigators for decades.