The population census is the primary data source for any demographic analysis, the execution of social and economic development programmes, administrative activity, as well as for policy decisions, special surveys and scientific research. This book critically analyses key facets of pre-census activity, including its timing, duration and method of enumeration. It traces concepts and definitions adopted by the census of India back to its beginning in 1872. The authors also study themes such as census legislation, census organisation, administrative setups, training strategies, the instruction manual and the impact of COVID-19 on the census. The volume will be indispensable for students and researchers of population studies, history, development studies, human geography, anthropology, public policy and governance, migration studies and South Asian studies. It will also be useful for planners and policymakers.