Physical activity and renal transplantion -- Physical activity and the risk of renal cancer -- Physical activity and prevention of renal calculi -- Physical activity and endocrine functions of the kidney -- Areas for further research -- Practical implications and conclusions -- 5 Implications of a single kidney for the young athlete -- Introduction -- Current opinions on sport participation with a single kidney -- Risks of renal injury during sport and physical activity -- Factors modifying the inherent risk of sports-related renal injury -- Sports and physical activities with the greatest risk of renal injury -- Managing risks of renal trauma for the active child -- Areas for further research -- Practical implications and conclusions -- 6 Bladder function in health and disease: Physical activity and bladder control, haematuria and bladder cancer -- Introduction -- The problem of urinary incontinence -- Prevalence, economic impact and clinical evaluation of urinary incontinence -- Urinary incontinence in athletes -- Habitual physical activity and incontinence -- Patho-physiology and the treatment of incontinence -- Physical activity and haematuria -- Physical activity and bladder cancer -- Areas for further research -- Practical implications and conclusions -- 7 Physiology of the spleen at rest and during exercise -- Introduction -- Physical activity and the spleen in experimental animals -- Anatomy of the human spleen -- Physical activity and changes in volume of the human spleen -- Circulatory impact of changes in splenic dimensions during activity -- Response of the spleen to stressors other than physical activity -- Impact of physical activity upon splenic functions other than red cell storage -- Influence of splenic contraction upon calculations of changes in plasma volume -- Mechanism of changes in splenic volume -- Areas for further research