Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytical psychotherapy remain an unparalleled source of insights into the unconscious determinants and dimensions of psychological suffering. However, there is a worldwide debate as to the most appropriate ways in which to carry out research into psychopathology and treatment, which remains true to the essence of the discipline. This volume presents the rationales, methods and findings of some of the main empirical studies. The methodological and scientific problems, as well as some sophisticated solutions, are illustrated with concrete research examples. The distinguished authors of this volume share the common aim to bridge the gap between practicing therapists and researchers.