"This book provides a self-contained account of neutron star properties, microscopic nuclear dynamics and the recent observational developments in multimessenger astronomy -most notably the detection of gravitational waves-and discuss the unprecedented possibilities to shed light on long standing and fundamental issues, such as the appearance of deconfined quarks in dense matter. State-of-the-art theoretical and experimental developments will be reviewed from a novel perspective. It will be of interest to researchers and advanced PhD students working in the fields of Astrophysics, Gravitational Physics, Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics"--