The case study -- Regulation of East Svalbard -- A suggested closure and a management plan process -- The precautionary model being challenged -- Non-scientific knowledge production -- Towards a co-management model? -- Notes -- References -- 5 Cycles in housing markets, policy and finance -- Introduction -- A simple model of the building cycle -- Cycles in the Icelandic housing market -- History of urbanisation in the twentieth century -- The recent cycle in residential housing markets -- Housing finance regulation and macro-prudential policy tools -- Macro-prudential policies -- Macro-prudential regulations for housing finance -- Implementation of macro-prudential regulation for housing finance -- Some potential conflicts -- Alternative approaches -- Discussion -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Part III Government and regulations -- 6 The planning system and practice in Norway -- Introduction -- Planning theory -- The development of the planning system in Norway -- The current planning system -- Objection in planning -- Democracy in planning -- Market-led planning -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 The new DNA of Danish spatial planning culture: The case of regional planning -- Introduction -- Conceptualising planning culture in a spatial development and policy context -- Culture, policy and planning -- Planning culture -- The changing context of planning in Denmark and the region of North Denmark -- Changes in the Danish spatial planning system and regional planning -- Regional planning activities in North Denmark -- Concluding discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 The history of Swedish planning -- 1800-1900 -- 1900-1970 -- 1970-2000 -- 2000-2016 -- Milestones in Swedish planning history and attention to sustainability -- References -- 9 Icelandic planning: Milestones of sustainability -- Introduction -- Late urbanisation