This is a one-volume political and ecclesiastical history of medieval Scotland. It concentrates on the period between the middle of the eleventh century and the Reformation. It analyzes the development of the institutions of the Scottish state, conflict and cooperation between the crown and the nobility, relations with external powers, the history of the church in Scotland, and the formation of a distinctive Scottish identity. The Wars of Independence are examined in their historical context, and elements of identity and change are identified across the whole period.