9 True-false Items (and Variations) -- Introduction -- Advantages and Limitations of True-false Items -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Attributes of Good True-false Items -- Evaluating True-false Items -- Variations in the True-false Format -- True-false With Correction -- Embedded True-false Items -- Sequential True-false Items -- Checklists -- Summary -- Exercises -- Spotlight on the Classroom -- 10 Producing and Administering Tests -- Introduction -- Designing a Test -- Defining the Purpose of the Test -- Deciding What to Cover on the Test -- Choosing the Types of Items to Use -- Choosing the Number of Items to Be Used -- Choosing the Difficulty Level of the Items -- Assuring Sufficient Accuracy -- Producing a Test -- Preparing the Items -- Ordering the Items -- Formatting the Test -- Preparing Instructions -- Proofreading -- Administering the Test -- Setting Up an Appropriate Testing Environment -- Summary -- Exercises -- Spotlight on the Classroom -- 11 Analyzing Tests -- Introduction -- Test Analysis -- Item Analysis -- Item Difficulty -- Item Discrimination -- Distractor Analysis -- Item Analysis Practice -- The Stability of Item Analyses -- Summary -- Exercises -- Spotlight on the Classroom -- Section III Alternative Assessment Techniques -- 12 Informal Assessments -- Introduction -- What is Informal Assessment? -- Types of Informal Assessment -- Informal Observations -- Questions -- Characteristics of Informal Assessment -- Planning for Observations and Questions -- Choosing Behaviors to Observe -- The Validity Question -- The Reliability Question -- Techniques for Effective Informal Assessment -- Planning Informal Assessment -- Use Informal Assessment Frequently -- Maintain Positive Interactions With Your Students -- Use the Results of Informal Assessments to Alter Instruction -- Summary -- Exercises -- Spotlight on the Classroom