2.1.1 The history of dissenting opinions in German constitutional justice -- 2.1.2 The practice of dissenting opinions in the Bundesverfassungsgericht -- 2.2 Dissenting opinions in the Spanish legal tradition -- 2.2.1 Votos reservados and votos particulares: the history of judicial dissent in Spain -- 2.2.2 The practice of dissenting opinions in the Tribunal Constitucional -- 2.3 Attempts at introducing dissenting opinions in Italian constitutional justice -- 3 Judicial dissent in the European courts -- 3.1 Dissenting opinions in Strasbourg: the practice of the European Court of Human Rights -- 3.2 The absence of dissenting opinions in Luxembourg: the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union -- 3.3 Excursus - dissenting opinions in The Hague: the practice of the International Court of Justice -- 3.4 Comparative remarks -- 4 Judicial dissent in East-Central European constitutional courts -- 4.1 A new generation of constitutional courts: why treat them separately? -- 4.2 Law in the books: the rules concerning judicial dissent -- 4.2.1 The Baltic story: three degrees of openness -- 4.2.2 The Slovak story: precedent becomes law -- 4.2.3 The Yugoslav story: a separate way -- 4.3 The law in action: the use of dissenting opinions -- 4.3.1 What do the numbers show? -- 4.3.2 The role of dissenting opinions in the development of constitutional law -- 5 A country study: separate opinions in the Hungarian Constitutional Court (1990-2010) -- 5.1 The challenges of a quantitative analysis -- 5.2 The data on separate opinions from 1990-2010 -- 5.3 The two forms of separate opinion: dissents and concurrences -- 5.4 Why does a judge decide to write separately? -- 5.5 The style of separate opinions -- 5.6 The internal dynamics of decision-making -- 5.7 When a separate opinion becomes precedent -- 5.8 Conclusion -- 5 Comparative reflections