Alternative Track Charging Systems -- Overall Review -- 7 Effective Competition in the Bus Industry -- Introduction: Buses and The White Paper -- Effective Competition -- Competition in Theory and Practice -- Contestability? -- Fare Competition -- Product Differentiation/Quality Competition -- Predatory Behaviour -- The Results of Competition -- How Effective Has Competition Been? -- Effective in Ensuring an Economically-Efficient Outcome? -- Effective in Reversing the Long-term Decline in Local BusPatronage? -- Effective in Minimising the Costs of Whatever Service Levels are Provided? -- Effective in Maximising Operators' Profits? -- Effective in Ensuring that Bus Passengers are not Exploited? -- References -- Notes -- 8 How Effective is Competition? - A Comment -- Introduction -- The Bus Industry -- The Rail Industry -- Conclusion -- References -- PART IV: INSTITUTIONS: IS THE CURRENT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ADEQUATE? -- 9 Regulation of Railways and Roads: Is the Current Framework Adequate? -- Introduction -- Regulation of Investment -- Railways -- Roads -- Quality of Service Regulation -- Railways -- Roads -- Fares Regulation on the Railways -- Safety Regulation -- Railways -- Roads -- Competition -- Railways -- Roads -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 10 Integrated Transport Policy: Implications for Regulation and Competition: The July 1998 Transport White Paper and the 1998 Competition Act -- Introduction -- The Competition Act 1998 -- The July 1998 Transport White Paper -- Quality Partnerships and the Competition Act -- Quality Contracts -- Chapter II of the Competition Act -- Chapter III of the Competition Act -- Conclusions -- Annex 1 -- Annex 2 -- OFT Guidelines as of June 1999 -- Annex 3 -- Bus Quality Partnerships -- Annex 4 -- Daughter Documents From The Transport White Paper 'A New Deal For Transport: Better For Everyone' -- Notes