First published in 1996. Is ideology still relevant in post-Mao China? Deng Xiaoping's wide-ranging economic reforms have led to declarations that ideology in China is merely a cynical sham or already dead, but a closer look at China seems to suggest a constant conflict of different ideologies associated with the profound transformation of the Chinese society since 1978. This study is an attempt to explore the interactions between major ideological currents and economic reforms.