Overcoming the NPS challenge : an introduction / Ornella Corazza & Andres Roman-Urrestarazu -- The need for clinical guidelines on NPS : NEPTUNE / Owen Bowden-Jones & Dima Abdulrahim -- NPS: epidemiology, user group characteristics, patterns, motives and problems / Máté Kapitány-Fövény, Ariel M. Weinstein & Zsolt Demetrovics -- The NPS crisis in British prisons / Shanna Marrinan, Giuseppe Bersani & Ornella Corazza -- Current trends in performance and image enhancing substance use among gym goers, exercisers and athletes / Neha P. Ainsworth, Jake Shelley & Andrea Petróczi -- NPS in emergency rooms : dealing with aggressiveness and psychomotor agitation / Carla Morganti, Attilio Negri, Laura Cazzaniga, Riccardo C. Gatti & Franca Davanzo -- A sentinel and design model of evidence collection on acute drug and NPS toxicity : the euro-den plus project / Luke de la Rue, David M. Wood & Paul I. Dargan -- Novel and traditional club substances association to psychopathological and medical sequelae : the Ibiza project / Giovanni Martinotti, Cristina Merino del Villar, Raffaele Giorgetti, Fabrizio Schifano & Massimo Di Giannantonio -- Spice drugs, synthetic cannabinoids and "spiceophrenia" / Duccio Papanti, Laura Orsolini, John M. Corkery & Fabrizio Schifano -- Synthetic cannabinoids, opioids and polydrug use : clinical implications / Mariya Prilutskaya, Justin C. Yang & Andres Roman-Urrestarazu -- Syntethis cathinones and related fatalities in the United Kingdom / John M. Corkery, Christine Goodair & Hugh Claridge -- Marvin the Paranoid Android & Alice in Wonderland : two case reports of synthetic cathinones abuse / Pierluigi Simonato, Attilio Negri, Marco Solmi & Rita Santacroce -- Clinical aspects related to methylphenidate-based NPS / Dino Lüthi & Matthias E. Liechti -- The worldwide spread of "herbal highs" : the case of kratom / Jessica Neicun, Darshan Singh & Eduardo Cinosi -- Clinical and medical management of conditions caused by MDMA or "ecstasy" / Andrew C. Parrott -- Clinical effects of 2C-B abuse / Esther Papaseit, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Débora González, Francina Fonseca, Marta Torrens & Magí Farré -- "In and out of the hole" : an exploration on phencyclidine derivatives / Attilio Negri & Sulaf Assi -- Fentanyl and related opioids : new trends, dangers, and management / Esther Papaseit, Magí Farré, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Adriana Farré, Francina Fonseca & Marta Torrens -- Designer benzodiazepines : new challenges and treatment options / Peter Maskell & Nathan E. Wilson -- Misuse, recreational use and addiction in relation to prescription medicines / Francesco S. Bersani & Claudio Imperatori