This book explores the prospects for the emergence of a distinctly European pattern of industrial relations, in which the European-level organisations representing employers and trade unions gain in importance vis-a-vis their national organisations. In particular, the impact of the 'Social Chapter' to the Maastricht Treaty is considered. The study also considers the likelihood of European-level collective bargaining, and what effect mandatory European Works Councils might have on existing national systems of employee representation, and offers a trilateral comparison between industrial relations in Europe, North America and Japan.