This study is concerned with the ways in which a dozen knowledge-based societies of Western Europe and the English-speaking world respond to unprecedented cultural and linguistic diversity resulting from the flow of immigrants and refugees since World War II. It asks how public policy has sought to use schooling to minimize the potentially divisive and inequitable effects of this diversity and to provide opportunities to the children of immigrants. It asks also how the nature of each of these societies affects the meaning of integration into each of them.