Structure-functioning relationships. Types of mycorrhizae and their distribution. Structure of the fungal symbiont. Structure of the plant symbiont. Structure and functioning in the field. Evolution. Paleobiology and the evolution of mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae and habitats of extant plants. Molecular biology and the evolution of mycorrhizae. Simulation models of mutualism and mycorrhizal. Physiological and population biology. Genetic attributes of the symbionts. Physiological ecological ecology of the plant symbiont. Fitness of the plant symbiont. Physiological ecology of the fungal symbiont. Fitness of the fungal symbiont. Dispersal and establishment of mycorrhizal fungi into new habitats. Fitness and establishing new mycorrhizal associations. Community ecology. Fungal community interactions. Plant community interations. Animal community interactions. Ecosystem dynamics. Distribution of mycorrhizae in different biones. Mycorrhizae and carbon dynamics. Mycorrhizae and nitrogen cycling. Mycorrhizae and phosphorus cycling. Mycorrhizae and other resources. Mycorrhizae and patch dynamics. Mycorrhizae and succession. Mycorrhizae of different seres. Mycorrhizae and patterns of successional initiation. Mycorrhizae and succession in a semi-arid shrub-steppe. Nudation and survival of residuals. Dispersal. Ecesis and reaction: seral stages. Ecesis and reaction: patch structure. Future directions for mycorrhizal research. What determines a mycorrhiza?. Tracking mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhinzae and the landscape. Mechanism of VA mycorrhizal action. Restoration of mycorrhizae on disturbed lands. Mycorrhizae and air pollution. Mycorrhizae and global ecology.