Sample empathy statements -- Helping Clients Access Social Support -- Helping Clients Avoid Negative Support -- Providing Accurate and Timely Information -- Providing Psychoeducation -- Empowering the Survivor -- Assisting Survivors with Traumatic Grief -- Some Cautions when Using PFA -- References -- 5 Early Interventions: Other Actions -- Assisting with Problem-Solving -- Correcting Distorted Self-Cognitions -- Rumor Control -- Conflict Mitigation -- Assessment, Triage, and Screening -- Experience-Based -- Behavior-Based -- Symptom-Based -- Referrals for Long-Term Care -- Psychological Debriefing: Criticisms and Cautions -- An Ounce of Prevention ... -- Building Individual Resilience before Disaster Strikes -- Building Community Resilience -- Leadership -- Collective Efficacy -- Social Trust -- Place Attachment -- Preparedness -- References -- 6 Disaster Loss and Grief -- Reactions to Loss -- Affective -- Behavioral -- Cognitive -- Physiological/somatic -- Characteristics of Disaster-Caused Deaths -- Private Rituals -- Public Rituals -- Supporting the Bereaved -- What to Say-and What Not to Say -- "Did My Loved One Suffer?"--Anniversary Reactions -- References -- 7 Disaster's Impact: Extreme Reactions -- Risk Factors for PTSD and Other Illnesses -- Stress and Trauma -- Survivor Characteristics -- Family Characteristics -- Resources -- Trajectories following Traumatic Events -- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults -- Summary of Criteria for a Diagnosis of PTSD -- Screening and the PTSD Checklist -- Major Depressive Disorder -- Complicated/Traumatic/Prolonged Grief -- Other Health and Mental Health Problems -- Referrals for Long-Term Care -- Recommended Evidence-Based Long-Term Care Approaches for PTSD -- References -- 8 Children and Families -- Children's Trauma Reactions -- Risk Factors -- Helping Children and Families -- Preschool children