Product Description This typological overview compares to what degree different languages have means to give expression to modality (possibility, necessity) without lexical and direct inflectional means. The criterial patterns derive from a variety of languages such as German, English, Chinese, French, Scandinavian, Italian, Rumanian, Russian, Polish, and Gothic as well as Old High German. They encompass mainly the auxiliaries HAVE and BE together with either an infinitival embedding of a full verb linked by the infinitival preposition TO or other aspectual means. It will be seen that what appear as typical covert modal expressions in the Germanic languages, and Indo-European in a wider sense, cannot be seen as a recurrent pattern in non-Indo-European languages. Yet, there are recurrent and plausible forms that allow for generalizations. About the Author Werner Abraham held the chair of German philology and mediaeval literature at the University of Groningen for 30 years, before he retired. He was appointed Honorary Professor at the Dept. of General Linguistics at the University of Vienna and presently teaches German(ic) linguistics at the University of Munich. Elisabeth Leiss holds the chair of German Linguistics at the Ludwig-Maximilian University at Munich, Germany. She is head of the B.A./M.A. studies in Speech and language therapy at the University of Munich. Her main focus is on all aspects of categorization in language and mind.