Effectiveness of Therapeutic Communities -- Reducing Recidivism -- Treatment versus Nontreatment -- Follow-Up Time Period -- Completers versus Noncompleters -- Transitional Therapeutic Communities -- Meta-analysis and Reviews of the Literature -- Predictors of Recidivism -- Demographic Characteristics -- Severity or Risk Level -- Psychological Factors -- Participation/Completion of Treatment -- Predictors of Successful Completion of Treatment -- Summary of Effectiveness -- Methodological Problems of Past Research -- Conclusion -- 3 How Were Treatment Effectiveness and Fidelity Measured for the Evaluation of the Juvenile Therapeutic Community? -- Research Questions -- Research Design -- Procedures for Collecting Data -- Treatment Group -- Mohican Youth Center -- Sample Size, Time Period, and Selection of Youth -- Type of Treatment -- Job Assignments within Mohican Youth Center -- Behavior Management within Mohican Youth Center -- Groups Held at Mohican -- Phases of Treatment -- A Quantitative Assessment of the Principles of Effective Intervention -- Comparison Group -- Description of the Measures -- Individual Characteristics Examined -- Juvenile Demographics -- Criminal History -- Substance Abuse History -- Risk Level -- Psychological and Social Functioning -- Cognitive Distortions -- Termination Data -- Outcome Variables Examined -- Intermediate Outcomes -- Long-Term Outcomes -- Statistical Tests -- Limitations of the Study -- Conclusion -- 4 Did Participation in the Therapeutic Community Affect Outcomes? -- Individual Characteristics -- Social Demographic Characteristics -- Drug History -- Substance Abuse Severity -- Current Offense and Criminal History -- Risk Level -- Psychological and Social Functioning -- Cognitive Functioning -- Intermediate Outcomes -- Changes in Psychological and Social Functioning -- Changes in Cognitive Distortions