This book explores censorship, particularly film and video censorship, in Japan in modern times. It shows how most censorship has been the film and video industry exercising self-censorship, but how this system has been problematic in that it has allowed dominant players in the industry to impose their own standards and exclude independent film makers. It outlines notable obscenity cases, and discusses how industry self-censorship bodies have been undermined both by industry outsiders setting up their own alternative regimes, and by the industry self-censorship bodies themselves being prosecuted for obscenity. The book also examines the conflict between the obscenity law, introduced in Meiji times when Japan was importing Western models, and the freedom of speech law, which was put in place by the American Occupation administration after the Second World War. The book concludes by assessing the current state of censorship in Japan and likely future developments.