6.4.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 6.4.4 Raman Spectroscopy -- 6.4.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 6.5 Structure of Graphene, Graphite Oxide, and Graphene Oxide -- 6.5.1 Structure of Graphene -- 6.5.2 Structure of Graphite Oxide and Graphene Oxide -- 6.6 Properties of Graphene and Graphene Oxide -- 6.6.1 Electronic Properties of Graphene -- 6.6.1.1 Band Structure of Graphene -- 6.6.1.2 Electronic Properties of Graphene -- 6.6.2 Mechanical Properties -- 6.6.3 Optical Properties -- 6.6.4 Thermal Conductivity -- 6.6.5 Chemical Reactivity of Graphene Oxide -- 6.7 Applications of Graphene and Graphene Oxide -- 6.7.1 Electronic Applications -- 6.7.2 Polymer Composites -- References -- 7: Graphene Nanoribbons -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthesis -- 7.2.1 Cutting from Graphene Using Lithography: Top-Down Approach -- 7.2.2 Nanosphere Lithography -- 7.2.3 Graphene Nanoribbon (GNR) Fabrication: Bottom-Up Approach -- 7.2.4 Longitudinal Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes Using Alkali Metal Vapor -- 7.2.5 GNR by Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes through Chemical Route -- 7.3 Raman Spectroscopy of GNR -- 7.4 Potential Applications of GNR -- 7.4.1 Electronics -- 7.4.2 Graphene Transistors -- 7.4.3 Field-Effect Transistor Physics -- 7.4.4 Band Gap Engineering -- 7.4.5 GNR Edges: Where the Action Is -- 7.4.6 Band Structure of GNR -- 7.4.7 GNR Interconnects -- 7.4.8 GNR for Fuel Cells -- 7.5 Future Challenges -- References -- 8: Graphene Quantum Dots -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structure of Graphene Quantum Dots -- 8.2.1 Semiconductor Quantum Dots -- 8.2.2 Graphene Quantum Dots -- 8.3 Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots -- 8.3.1 Top-Down Methods -- 8.3.1.1 Exfoliation Using Acids -- 8.3.1.2 Electrochemical Exfoliation -- 8.3.1.3 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis -- 8.3.1.4 Microwave and Ultrasonic Routes -- 8.3.2 Bottom-Up Methods