5.4 The Julian Calendar -- 5.5 Geometry of the Ellipse and Kepler -- 5.6 Points, Vectors, and Planes -- 5.7 Rotation of Vectors -- 5.8 The Obliquity Vector -- 5.9 Angle of the Sun on the Earth's Surface -- 5.10 Angle of the Sun on Solar Collectors -- 5.11 The Solar Collection Day -- 5.12 Change in Solar Angle With Time -- 5.13 Seasonal Angles -- 5.14 Equation of Time and Sundials -- 5.15 The Analemma and How to Capture It -- 5.16 Approximating the EoT -- 6 Transmission of Light through the Atmosphere -- 6.1 The Incoming Solar Radiation -- 6.2 Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere -- 6.3 Air Mass and Dimming -- 6.4 Rayleigh Scattering -- 6.5 Mie Scattering -- 6.6 Solar Radiation Measures -- 6.7 Instruments for Measuring Solar Radiation -- 6.7.1 Pyranometers -- 6.7.2 Other Radiation Measurement Instruments -- 6.8 Isotropic and Circumsolar Radiation -- 7 Solar Gain and Solar Attenuation -- 7.1 Solar Fraction and Solar Gain -- 7.2 Albedo and Specularity -- 7.3 Air Temperature, Pressure, and Clouds -- 7.4 Models for Radiation Dispersion in the Atmosphere -- 7.5 Solar Radiation Data for Boston -- 7.6 Clear Sky Radiation Data for U.S. Cities -- 7.7 Solar Radiation Maps of the World -- 8 Transmission of Solar Energy through Glazing -- 8.1 A Brief History of Glass -- 8.2 Transmissivity of Diathermanous Materials to Light -- 8.3 The Polarization of Light -- 8.4 Fresnel's Equations -- 8.5 Extinction Coefficient and Absorptivity of Glass -- 8.6 Transmission, Reflection, and Absorption -- 8.7 Transmission and Absorption for Normal Radiation -- 8.8 Daily Solar Gain through Glazing -- 8.9 Transmissivity through LoE Glass -- 8.9.1 Standard LoE Glass -- 8.9.2 New Generation LoE Glass -- 9 Climate and the Siting of a Solar Structure -- 9.1 The Köppen Climate Classification -- 9.2 Climates Zones by the Number -- 9.3 Monthly Averages for Heating and Cooling