This book is aimed at beginners and students in materials science and researchers in the fields of bionanocomposites, nanotechnology, and analytical chemistry, especially those with an interest in materials for analytical applications. Advanced polymer-based nanocomposite materials continue to become increasingly popular and important for a wide range of science and engineering applications. In the race to exploit the unique mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of nano- and biocomposite materials, researchers must also address new challenges in predicting, understanding, and managing the potentially adverse effects these materials could have on the environment and human lives.