Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Map, Figure, and Tables -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Roman Syria: the Syrian scene -- The land -- The land the Romans acquired -- The Roman province -- Syrian survival - language and gods -- The Roman army -- Roman citizens -- Syrian antipathy towards Rome -- Syrians abroad -- 2 Syrians take over the empire -- Emperors -- Senators -- Equites -- Intellectuals -- Conclusion -- 3 Syria as a Roman base -- 4 The Roman army in Syria -- The legions in Syria -- The auxilia in Syria -- 5 Syrians in the Roman army -- Auxiliary regiments from the client kingdoms -- Auxiliary regiments from the cities -- Other Syrian regiments -- Reinforcements and other Syrian soldiers outside Syria -- The third-century army and after -- 6 The export of the gods -- Palmyrene gods -- Jews -- Jupiter Optimus Maximus Heliopolitanus -- Dea Syra - the Syrian goddess -- Jupiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus -- Other Syrian deities -- Christianity -- 7 Civilians -- Egypt -- Asia Minor -- Greece and Thrace -- The northern frontier -- Italy -- Africa and Spain -- Britannia -- Summary -- 8 Concentrations -- Egypt -- Africa, Numidia, and Mauretania -- Asia Minor -- Greece -- Moesia and Thrace -- Dacia -- Dalmatia -- Italy -- Pannonia -- Raetia and Noricum -- Germania -- Hispania and Gallia -- Britannia -- Summary -- Conclusion: Syrian participation in the Roman Empire -- Bibliography -- Index