II. Blocking as a Problem for Association Theory -- III. Analysis of the Attenuation of Blocking by Surprising Changes in Reinforcement -- IV. Conclusions and Implications -- References -- 7 Expectancies and the Priming of STM -- I. Expectancies and the Priming of STM -- II. The Priming of STM -- Ill. Retrieval-Generated Priming -- IV. Self-Generated Priming -- V. Extrapolation -- VI. Concluding Comments -- References -- 8 Studies of Working Memory in the Pigeon -- I. Working Memory, Reference Memory, and Associative Memory -- II. Three Working-Memory Paradigms -- Ill. The Advance-Key Procedure -- IV. The Modified Advance-Key Procedure -- V. The Control-Key Procedure -- VI. The Functional Characteristics of the Initial Stimulus Period -- VII. The Role of Differential Stimulus Feedback in the Terminal Period -- VIII. General Discussion -- References -- 9 Selective Attention and Related Cognitive Processes in Pigeons -- I. Selective Attention and Related Cognitive Processes in Pigeons -- II. The Analysis of Element-Compound Differences -- Ill. Stimulus Compounds and Information Processing -- IV. The Effect of Sample Exposure Time on Matching Performance -- V. Conclusion -- References -- 10 The Internal Clock -- I. Time as a Stimulus -- II. Explanations of Temporal Discrimination -- Ill. Some Properties of the Internal Clock -- IV. Control of the Internal Clock -- V. Conclusions -- References -- 11 Cognitive Structure and Serial Pattern Learning by Animals -- I. Introduction -- II. Cognitive Structures and Serial Pattern Learning -- Ill. Application of Cognitive Structures to Serial Patterns in Animal Learning -- IV. Patterns of Reinforcement -- V. Mechanisms for Serial Ordering -- VI. Empirical Assessment of Encoding -- VII. The Sensitivity of Animals to Structure -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- 12 Characteristics of Spatial Memory