14.4 Plant Hydraulics -- 14.4.1 Hydraulic Profile -- 14.4.2 Head Losses through Treatment Units -- 14.4.3 Head Losses through Connecting Conduits -- 14.5 Instrumentation and Controls -- 14.5.1 Benefits of Instrumentation and Control Systems -- 14.5.2 Components of Control Systems -- Discussion Topics and Review Problems -- References -- 15. Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Upgrading Secondary Treatment Facility -- 15.1 Chapter Objectives -- 15.2 Application of Advanced Treatment Technologies and Upgrading of Secondary Effluent -- 15.3 Natural Treatment Systems -- 15.3.1 Terrestrial Treatment Systems -- 15.3.2 Aquatic Treatment Systems -- 15.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 15.4.1 Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Processes -- 15.4.2 Chemical Coagulation and Phosphorus Precipitation -- 15.4.3 Lime Precipitation -- 15.4.4 Breakpoint Chlorination for Ammonia Removal -- 15.4.5 Air Stripping for Removal of Dissolved Gases and VOCs -- 15.4.6 Granular Filtration -- 15.4.7 Surface Filtration -- 15.4.8 Carbon Adsorption -- 15.4.9 Ion Exchange -- 15.4.10 Membrane Processes -- 15.4.11 Concentration and Disposal of Waste Brine -- Discussion Topics and Review Problems -- References -- Appendix A: Abbreviations and Symbols, Basic Information about Elements, Useful Constants, Common Chemicals Used in Water and Wastewater Treatment, and the U.S. Standard Sieves and Size of Openings -- Appendix B: Physical Constants and Properties of Water, Solubility of Dissolved Gases in Water, and Important Constants for Stability and Sodicity of Water -- Appendix C: Minor Head Loss Coefficients for Pressure Conduits and Open Channels, Normal Commercial Pipe Sizes, and Design Information of Parshall Flume -- Appendix D: Unit Conversions -- Appendix E: Summary of Design Parameters for Wastewater Treatment Processes -- Appendix F: List of Examples and Solutions -- Index