Central theoretical issues regarding behavioral reconstruction in human osteological research are raised in this analytical volume. Because behavioral reconstructions have become increasingly common, especially within paleopathology, it is time to review the scientific basis for such an approach. For example, osteological scenarios seeking to link the onset of such skeletal conditions as osteoarthritis, dental disease, and trauma with specific behaviors in past populations, are critically examined. Questions are also raised as to the scientific rigor of such hypotheses, the ethnohistoric evidence used to support them and, ultimately, the soundness of such claims. In addition, commentary is included that broadens the scope to include anthropology, and explains the utility of behavioral reconstructions in paleoanthropology and the biocultural perspective as it is used in contemporary anthropology.