This primer provides a guide to clinical interpretations for those in the practice of psychotherapy. The book is divided into two parts: Part I deals with the classical approach to clinical interpretation; and Part II deals with developments since Freud, including Kohut's self-psychological approach, Hoffman's dialectical constructivist approach, Roy Schafer's multifaceted approach, Donald Spence's radical narrative approach, the intersubjective approach and the radical relational approach.