5: Assimilation of asynchronous data in hydrological models -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Assimilation of asynchronous observations -- 5.2.2 Observation and model error -- 5.2.3 Generation of synthetic observations -- 5.3 Experimental setup -- 5.3.1 Experiment 5.1: Observations from a single static social (StSc) sensor -- 5.3.2 Experiments 5.2: Observations from distributed static physical (StPh) and static social (StSc) sensors -- 5.4 Results and discussion -- 5.4.1 Experiment 5.1 -- 5.4.2 Experiment 5.2 -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 6: Assimilation of synchronous data in hydraulic models -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Data assimilation methods -- 6.2.2 Observation and model error -- 6.2.3 Streamflow observations -- 6.3 Experimental setup -- 6.3.1 Experiment 6.1: Effect of different DA methods -- 6.3.2 Experiment 6.2: Effect of sensors location on KF performances -- 6.4 Results and discussions -- 6.4.1 Experiment 6.1 -- 6.4.2 Experiment 6.2 -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 7: Assimilation of synchronous data in a cascade of models -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Data assimilation method -- 7.2.2 Observation and model error -- 7.2.3 Generation of synthetic observations -- 7.3 Experimental setup -- 7.3.1 Experiment 7.1: Assimilation of data from static physical (StPh) sensors -- 7.3.2 Experiment 7.2: Assimilation of data from static social (StSc) sensors -- 7.3.3 Experiment 7.3: Assimilation of data from dynamic social (DySc) sensors -- 7.3.4 Experiment 7.4: Realistic scenarios of engagements -- 7.4 Results and discussion -- 7.4.1 Experiment 7.1 -- 7.4.2 Experiment 7.2 -- 7.4.3 Experiment 7.3 -- 7.4.4 Experiment 7.4 -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 8: Conclusions and recommendations -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 Research outcomes -- 8.3 Limitations and recommendations -- References -- List of acronyms -- List of Table -- List of Figures