What can and should be done if a rejectee or an illegal alien claims to suffer from a serious illness which can only be treated in the country where a residence permit has been sought and/or refused? Should health be considered and accepted as a ground for granting an alien access to a specific country and its health services? This Handbook, with contributions by experts from the WHO, IOM and academia, contains a wealth of relevant background documents, including an overview of praxis and of Strasbourg case-law. It offers a complete overview of theories from various disciplines and serves as a basis for wider debate covering the right to health, medical norm-setting, ethics, the right to migration, the duty to return, the need for information and harmonization. It will provide important tools to the legal and medical professions, policy makers and all others interested in issues of migration.